Going inside is safer, but it doesn’t completely protect a person from pollution: Ozone can creep into buildings and homes and still pose a threat because it irritates the lungs. Inside a building, levels are much lower than outside because ozone changes when it runs into something like furniture. A new study identified yet another layer of protection that keeps ozone out of our bodies — human skin.

Our bodies continuously shed flakes of skin hosting ozone-busting oils that accumulate in house dust and on surfaces.

Kudumomo/Flickr

Skin contains many different kinds of oils. It’s easy to see: Just press your finger against a sheet of glass and observe. Your fingerprint is outlined in oil. When ozone in the air meets the oils in human skin, there is a chemical reaction. That means that the molecules of ozone — and possibly the molecules of oil — change.

Ozone is a lot like the oxygen we breathe. The kind that we breathe is made of diatomic molecules, which means each molecule has two atoms. But ozone has an extra: It is made of three oxygen atoms connected together. This extra atom makes ozone behave differently than typical oxygen. Ozone is both poisonous and protective.

For the new study, the scientists gathered information about the dust in the bedrooms of 500 children who live on the Danish island of Fyn. This dust, the scientists found, contained many different chemicals. One was a phthalate, which is a controversial chemical found in many plastics and other materials and that might harm to the hormone balance in humans. The scientists weren’t surprised to find a phthalate because these chemicals are everywhere.

They were surprised to find large amounts of cholesterol and squalene. (Squalene is a fat that makes up about 10 percent of the oil in human skin.) Then the researchers realized that both of these things can be found in human skin. The human body regrows its outer layer of skin every two to four weeks, and bits and pieces of the old skin break off — to become dust.

In this study, the researchers determined that skin flakes on surfaces were covering those surfaces with squalene, thus making those windows, doors or couches break up ozone as well as skin does.

“We’ve known that the ozone indoors is being gobbled up,” Charles Weschler told Science News. “But we really didn’t know what’s doing the gobbling.” Now, he finds, “this squalene is just great at chewing up ozone.” Weschler, a scientist at the University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey, in Piscataway, worked on the new study.

It may seem like good news that human skin helps indoor spaces fight off dangerous ozone. After all, if the ozone goes away, then a person won’t breathe it and face the bad health effects.

But that may not be the case: Emerging research suggests this battle with ozone might present its own dangers.

Regions that host crowds stand to accumulate the most squalene, and any toxic pollutants that form during its reactions with ozone.

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In a different experiment, scientists in Austria mixed together ozone and skin oils in the laboratory. They found that, even though this mixing gets rid of ozone, it also creates new kinds of pollution. One in particular, called 4-oxopentanal (or 4-OPA), might be particularly dangerous. Until now, scientists have not analyzed 4-OPA to see how toxic it is, but that’s changing.

Yet another team of scientists are working on this chemical at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in Morgantown, W.V. In early studies, the researchers found evidence that 4-OPA may be even worse than ozone. In other words, the ozone may be gone — but what’s left in its place may be even worse for human health.

In the end, scientists want to know exactly what’s going on with the molecules that we breathe — and they hope this information will help us find new ways to protect our health. But the scientific journey from the first experiment (in the children’s bedrooms) is long, requiring study after study by scientists who can learn from each other.

Going Deeper:

* Raloff, Janet. 2010. “The skinny on indoor ozone,” Science News, March 25. http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/57596/title/Science_%2B_the_Public__The_skinny_on_indoor_ozone

Sohn, Emily. 2006. “Sun screen,” Science News for Kids, July 12. http://sciencenewsforkids.org/articles/20060712/Feature1.asp

The nitrogen-based fertilizers spread on farm fields, especially corn fields, add to the nitrous oxide that ends up in Earth’s atmosphere. Credit: gordo25/iStockphoto

In the chair at the dentist’s office, nitrous oxide is better known as “laughing gas”—it’s used to knock out patients during uncomfortable procedures. That’s not the only place where laughing gas shows up, however.

Nitrous oxide from Earth also ends up in the stratosphere, that portion of our atmosphere about 5 to 30 miles overhead. Up there, it’s no laughing matter. Nitrous oxide in the stratosphere is already dangerous for life on our planet, and according to a new study, it may become even more dangerous in the near future.

To understand why nitrous oxide is dangerous, it’s important to understand what else is in the stratosphere. The stratosphere is home to about 90 percent of Earth’s ozone — a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen. This naturally occurring ozone layer acts like a filter that blocks out much of the ultraviolet radiation that comes from the sun. Ultraviolet radiation, which is invisible, can lead to skin cancer and eye damage in people and can damage crops. So the ozone layer is an important protective shield over Earth’s surface.

For decades, scientists have known that chemicals manufactured on Earth, if they end up in the stratosphere, may lessen the amount of that protective ozone. Less ozone up there means that more ultraviolet radiation makes it to Earth. The chemicals most damaging to the ozone layer are called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs.

In the new study, three scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA, in Boulder, Colo., show that each molecule of laughing gas depletes about one-fiftieth as much ozone as does a CFC molecule.

That may seem like a small number, but consider this: Nitrous oxide stays in the atmosphere for 100 years or so, and enormous amounts of it are released into the air every year. Thanks to an international environmental agreement called the Montreal Protocol, CFC production is going down.

In fact, the Montreal Protocol is responsible for eliminating nearly 100 ozone-damaging chemicals. Without the agreement, atmospheric levels of ozone-depleting substances could have increased tenfold by 2050 which in turn could have led to up to 20 million more cases of skin cancer, according to the United Nations.

But nitrous oxide is not on the list of pollutants that are reduced by the Montreal Protocol, and levels of the gas are still going up. Nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere from natural sources, like animal waste and the decomposition of plants. Human activities, like using fertilizer on crops and burning fossil fuels, contribute even more nitrous oxide to the stratosphere.

Strangely enough, if there are fewer CFCs in the atmosphere, then nitrous oxide becomes even more damaging to ozone. Even though CFCs and nitrous oxide both destroy ozone, they actually work against each other. So less CFCs means that each remaining molecule of nitrous oxide will destroy more ozone.

In fact, “we found that if you look ahead, nitrous oxide will remain the largest ozone-depleting emissions for the rest of the century,” says A.R. Ravishankara, a scientist at NOAA who led the study. The scientists say that nitrous oxide, not CFCs, are now the biggest threat to the ozone layer. If humans can limit the production of nitrous oxide, more ozone may be spared. Plus, since nitrous oxide is also a greenhouse gas, cutting down on nitrous oxide production could help slow down global warming.

There’s another twist to the story. Nitrous oxide in the sky can be destructive, but on Earth the substance can be used as a medicine. Ozone, on the other hand, is helpful when it’s very high up in the sky. But closer to Earth, we know these oxygen molecules as the prime ingredient in another form harmful pollution: smog.

POWER WORDS

ozone layer A region of the upper atmosphere, between about 15 and 30 kilometers (10 and 20 miles) in altitude, containing a relatively high concentration of ozone that absorbs solar ultraviolet radiation in a wavelength range not screened by other atmospheric components. Also called ozonosphere.

molecule A group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces

atom A unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element, having all the characteristics of that element and consisting of a dense, central, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a system of electrons.

stratosphere The region of the atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere

nitrous oxide A colorless, sweet-tasting gas, made of two nitrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, used as a mild anesthetic in dentistry and surgery.